It doesnt use nearly as much energy as a crematory or nearly as much energy or resources as the high pressure, high temperature versions of the alkaline hydrolysis equipment, but you give up speed. Fast forward to 2011 and two . document.getElementsByClassName("elementor-element-6c7f551")[0].innerHTML = ""; Supporters of alkaline hydrolysis argue that it's the most environmentally friendly method of body disposition, with the potential to avert the millions of tons of wood, metal, and concrete -- along with millions of gallons of embalming fluid -- buried each year in U.S. cemeteries. The water cremation service provided by Bio-Response Solutions was ordered by an Ohio funeral director in 2010. How Does Alkaline Hydrolysis Work? All bones, ashes, and other personal remains will not be lost. The practice of cremation dates back over 2,500 years, but it has also come under fire in recent years due to its unique set of benefits. Nevada 2017: AB205 New Hampshire 2008: SB332 Legislation to reinstate alkaline hydrolysis was rejected in 2013. During AH, a body is placed in a steel chamber along with a mixture of water and potassium hydroxide. Many have uncomfortably analogized this process to "pouring bodies down the drain," a characterization that often overlooks the fact that body fluids and blood are routinely poured down the drain during traditional embalming practices. How does aquamation or resomation work? Some retorts can handle 8 to 12 bodies in a 24-hour period. New Mexico does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. A new process, called "alkaline hydrolysis" (AH), is available in about 18 states, and every year more states are considering legalizing the technology. The process uses water and alkali chemicals to dissolve the body into its component parts. For help deciding between methods of disposition and other funeral options, check out our free funeral planning guide. So what do I think? Oxygen and hydrogen are separated from the water when the direct current is applied to the water, as shown in the equations. The process of alkaline hydrolysis is to break down a substance in such a way that it can be converted into liquid or bone components by combining 95% water with 5% potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. At the moment, there are no laws or regulations governing alkaline hydrolysis in Washington, D.C. Click on the name of the state to learn more about its burial and cremation laws. The process mimics the bodys natural process of breaking down, but in just 2-3 hours, instead of roughly 25 years. Process, Cost + More | Cake Blog (2023) In England, AH for humans is not fully legalized yet. Cost Effectiveness. (See. Normal drinking water generally . The water is returned to the ecosystem via a normal wastewater treatment plant. Its very similar to the treatment of excess water from any (industrial) facility. A judge ruled that ODH and the board had the authority to determine what is an acceptable form of disposition of a human body, as set forth in the Ohio Revised Code. Ryan Cattoni, funeral director at AquaGreen Dispositions LLC, offers the first flameless cremation in Illinois. This service is provided by a number of funeral homes in Minnesota, as well as one in Maine. Limit one coupon per transaction. The system works by submerging the body in a solution of water and potassium hydroxide which is pressurised to 10 atmospheres and heated to 180C for between two-and-a-half and three hours. On this basis a 20% bigger urn is required. is the most cost-intensive and may lization and recovery of valuable components and energy (Khanal et al. This graphic from Resomation, Ltd. explains the alkaline hydrolysis process. Yes, thats Colin Firth (aka Mr. Darcy) on the end. Utah passed a bill specifically allowing for alkaline hydrolysis in 2018. (, Colorado legalized alkaline hydrolysis in 2011 when it changed its definition of cremation. Alkaline Hydrolysis(Aquamation)is agentle, eco-friendly alternative to flame cremation and burial. The efficiency of NaOH treatment is also evidenced due to the noticeable enhancement in the sugar release after enzymatic hydrolysis of the alkaline-treated substrates [82]. (. Two water molecules dissociate and hydrogen arises at the cathode by this reaction. For decades, people choosing what happens to their body after death have had only two realistic options -- burial or cremation. In Alaska, there is currently no funeral home offering this procedure. There are numerous published, peer-reviewed studies and complete environmental analyses on the technology. Edwards is a funeral industry pioneer in the use alkaline hydrolysis for the disposition of bodies. In the future, it is even possible that the liquid component of AH could be made available to families for use as fertilizer or compost. The reason it is considered a green choice is this process releases no mercury emissions, which does occur during the cremation process. Kaye and Peter Weber invented alkaline hydrolysis, which breaks down human remains for medical research, at Albany Medical College. Oklahoma does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. There are still a few factors delaying its widespread use across the country. Its usually referred to as resomation there because the commercial process was first introduced and trademarked by Resomation, Ltd. The deceased body is placed in a clean, stainless steel vessel, and water, heat, and alkalinity are gently applied to accelerate a natural process of tissue hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis was legalized in Vermont in 2014. Keep reading if you are curious. It became legal in California in October 2017 with explicit legislation. Some who oppose alkaline hydrolysis counter that not enough is known about possible health and safety issues. North Dakota does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. Until 2008, no facilities in New Hampshire offered the procedure, and a law passed that year repealed it. The entire process from pickup to the return of ashes can take up to two weeks. People seem to have objections when they actually think about that too long. They later told Edwards that the folks at the sewage treatment plant called to say, Whats going on there? The excess sludge that the municipality had to pay others to clear out had disappeared, thanks to the acceleration of decomposition caused by the alkaline hydrolysis effluent. The actual mechanism for the hydrolysis of the amide group under basic conditions is pictured in the bottom line of the drawing. The sterile process water is released for recycling (our bodies are approximately 65% water to begin with), and only the inorganic bone minerals remain. (. There are 20% more ash remains returned to thefamilies. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. Bio-cremation, resomation, flameless cremation, and water cremation are common ones. An effort to pass a new bill in 2013 that would have legalized the process again failed. All organic material is reduced to its most basic building blocks. Virginia does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. Aquamation, commonly known as alkaline hydrolysis, is a water-based, environmentally friendly process of final disposal. The process typically takes around four hours. Alkaline water has a higher pH level than regular drinking water.Because of this, some advocates of alkaline water believe it can neutralize the acid in your body. The process uses a mixture of water and alkali to accelerate natural decomposition. Flame-based cremation is a much faster process. funerals, burials, cremations, alkaline hydrolysis and/or neglected cemeteries interments, scattering of remains or alternative disposition of remains issues with a licensed bereavement service operator Bereavement Authority of Ontario (BAO) Toll-Free: 1-844-493-6356 Tel: 647-483-2645 (Toronto area) South Dakota does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. Aquamation is being offered at a funeral home in Mesa just off Main Street, according to one obituary. (Extensive monitoring in St. Petersburg, Florida showed no adverse effects on water quality.) The process is also known as aquamation or biocremation. In New York, the legislation became known as Hannibal Lechters Bill. New Hampshire legalized AH in 2006 but banned it a year later. The principle of the alkaline water electrolysis is quite simple. Pennsylvania does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. The amount of water that can be generated varies depending on the operating temperature of the equipment; an aquatic process typically takes 6-8 hours, or 18-20 hours. Alkaline hydrolysis equipment is expensive; it may cost a provider between $150,000 and $400,000 to purchase an AH unit, depending on the size of the machine as well as the temperature and pressure at which the system can operate. (. Funeral homes around the country offer this option, which is less expensive than traditional burials and cremations. A Good Goodbye Funeral Planning For Those Who Dont Plan To Die | Copyright All Rights Reserved, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window). The nucleophilic hydroxide anion attacks the relatively electrophilic amide carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. (, Allowed without explicit statute but not available in state, Georgia legalized alkaline hydrolysis in 2012 by changing the state's definition of cremation. It uses a combination of water flow, temperature, and alkalinity to accelerate the course of nature. Aquamation, as opposed to casketed burial and flame cremation, is a green and environmentally friendly method of burial. There are many misconceptions about cremation that you may not be aware of. What happens to whats leftover from the process (besides the ashes)? As of the writing of this post (early 2018), alkaline hydrolysis is currently legal in the following 15 states: California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont and Wyoming. Jeff Edwards, an Ohio funeral director who performed several AH procedures before being told to stop, filed a lawsuit in March 2011 against the Ohio Department of Health and the Ohio Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors after ODH quit issuing permits for AH body disposals. Dental fillings are separated out for safe disposal. { This causes the body to break down into its component parts, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and DNA. The act of alkaline hydrolysis involves removing organic and inorganic components from a dead body. Copyright 2023 MH Sub I, LLC dba Nolo Self-help services may not be permitted in all states. Quickly connect with local funeral homes and easily price out a burial or cremation. Rhode Island does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. - There is no burning of fossil fuels. A clean green process is how Jeff Edwards of Edwards Funeral Services describes Aquamation, his term for alkaline hydrolysis. The cost to families he charges $2,500 is a bit more expensive than traditional flame cremation but . Alkaline hydrolysis technology was developed in the late 19th century for handling animal remains. New Jersey does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis has many names. Leftover liquids including acids and soaps from body fat plus the added water and chemicals, are disposed of through a waste water treatment process, according to John Ross, executive director of the Cremation Association of North America. In fact, it probably has less of a chemical signature than would you find (in liquids) coming out of most (industrial) plants, Ross said. The highest-end models cost up to $500,000, and may allow funeral homes to use the system up to four times a day. In 2014, Wyoming opened the door to alkaline hydrolysis when it expanded the state's Funeral Services Practitioners Act to cover "chemical disposition." The water, which is returned to the ecosystem via a normal wastewater treatment facility, is the same as it would be during the embalming process in the United States, Canada, and many other countries around the world. Aquamation, which involves heating, alkaline water under pressure to decompose a body into its bones, is thought to be a more environmentally friendly, health-protective, and convenient method of death. So proponents say that it can neutralize acid in your bloodstream. With,Aquamation: There is overa90% energy savings when compared to flame-based cremation.Therearenodirect emissions ofharmfulgreenhouse gases or mercury. However, there are not any current facilities in the state that offer alkaline hydrolysis. South Carolina does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. Iowa does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. The physical equipment has a greater upfront cost to funeral homes, but each cremation is more affordable, so we may see the price drop as alkaline hydrolysis becomes more common. The Mayo Clinic in Minnesota and the University of Florida use it for human cadavers, and its been used for two decades on animal carcasses. Alkaline Hydrolysis: A Cheaper, But Still Costly, Option For Disposition. West Virginia does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. The cost of green hydrogen is a function of the volume of power needed, the cost of power supplied, the cost of the electrolyser and its system, and the opex to run the system. It is significantly less costly than burial. Washington, D.C. does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. (Potash is just a fancy way of saying water-soluble potassium salt.) The retort runs at temperatures between 1,550 and 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit during a cremation. Michelle Udall (D-NM): I didnt see any reason why we shouldnt do that. Aquamation, a new type of cremation, uses water as the medium instead of fire. An average burial costs around $9,000, while an average cremation costs about $1,500; alkaline hydrolysis costs around $3500 on average. The reaction occurs by a nucleophilic bimolecular substitution reaction ($\ce {S_ {N}2}$). })(window,document,'//static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); The law is set to go into effect July 1, 2020. Alabama does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. It is significantly less costly than burial. In contrast to running a cremator over the body, alkaline hydrolysis uses a low-temperature and low-pressure method that does not produce heat and thus does not cause severe burns. Alkaline hydrolysis equipment is expensive; it may cost a provider between $150,000 and $400,000 to purchase an AH unit, depending on the size of the machine as well as the temperature and pressure at which the system can operate. Alkaline hydrolysis, which involves turning a human body into steam, has been used by more than 60 funeral homes in the United States. (However, as w, Experiencing the loss of someone close can be one of the hardest things to face in life, while coping with such a profound loss can seem just as difficult. Alkaline hydrolysis was explicitly legalized in 2014, when the Senate Commerce & Human Resources Committee adopted the process in a docket that amended the, Alkaline hydrolysis was legalized in Illinois in 2012, when the legislature redefined "cremation" to specifically include the process. Alkaline hydrolysis, also known as liquid cremation, biocremation, aquamation, or resomation, is the process of dissolving the remains of humans and animals in an alkaline solution. The water is returned to the ecosystem via the normal wastewater treatment facility, just as all funeral homes in the United States, , Canada, and many other parts of the world. Read More. Human remains can be alkaline hydrolysis, also known as aquamation or water cremation, and they are typically disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. The body is then heated to a temperature approximately 160 C (320 F). Does (the body) turn to sludge? And the thought of grandma being sludge is kind of disgusting to them.. While it is less expensive than traditional burials and cremations, it is still more expensive than fire cremations. 90% energy savings when compared to flame-based cremation. Because the equipment costs more than traditional cremation machinery, the procedure may be more expensive for consumers. Before the liquid goes into the chamber, the body is placed there so the liquid fills up around it. A alkaline hydrolysis procedure is not regulated in Alaska. He presented the Jupiter Big Idea Award to Resomation, Ltd. at the 2010 The Observer Ethical Awards. Read More. Edwards sued. Typically, alkaline hydrolysis is more expensive than cremation, but the price difference is not drastic. Massachusetts does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis. Water cremation is no longer emitted by the equipment, as flame cremation is, but rather by chemicals released into the air. Alkaline hydrolysis had some of its first roots in Florida. December 16, 2020. Larger bodies with greater stores of fat provide more fuel to the fire. The cost of services and what is included in the. The other states are Colorado, Oregon, Illinois, Kansas, Maine and Maryland. Water cremation is the most environmentally friendly of all cremation methods, accounting for one tenth of the carbon footprint. Aquamation Service - Elemental Cremation & Burial Aquamation Pricing (alkaline hydrolysis) Aquamation (water cremation) $1395 An alternative to flame cremation, aquamation is a water based process that returns the same result ("ashes") but at a fraction of the carbon footprint. According to the Ohio Department of Environmental Quality, this method of body disposal was discontinued in 2011. .rll-youtube-player, [data-lazy-src]{display:none !important;}. Mitch December 15, 2020 2:49 pm Alkaline Hydrolysis (Aquamation) is a gentle, eco-friendly alternative to flame cremation and burial. Bottled water sold as alkaline water, which is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, might have nutrients added to it to achieve an alkaline pH. Other Catholics, however, have concluded that AH is "morally neutral," and much like cremation from the Catholic point of view. Steffani Blackstone, executive director of the Colorado Funeral Directors Association, spoke frankly about the Ick Factor when legislation to approve AH was being crafted. Green Cremation is a five-star funeral home with locations throughout the United States. If youre interested in alkaline hydrolysis and your state isnt on the list, the good news is that the list of states that have legalized it has been steadily growing. (. The process is billed as environmentally friendly though it uses anywhere from 100-300 gallons of water per treatment, which must be cooled and chemically altered to reduce the slurry's high pH levels before entering the wastewater system. Alkaline hydrolysis (called water cremation, or Aquamation) uses water, alkaline. It has been promoted as a better, greener, and more cost-effective alternative to flame cremation and, of course, traditional burial. How Much Does Alkaline Hydrolysis Cost? . The chamber is both airtight and watertight, meaning that nothing can get in or out until the process is complete. The human body does not burn as much of its bones as it does of fat found around its central nervous system. Bodies are weighed to estimate with accuracy how much sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide is needed for alkaline hydrolysis. Much later, in the 1990s, science labs used alkaline hydrolysis to dispose of animal bodies used in research, as well as disease-contaminated animal bodies, including pigs and cows. Air pressure inside the vessel is increased to about 145 pounds per square inch, and the temperature is raised to about 355F. He presented the Jupiter Big Idea Award to Resomation, flameless cremation in Illinois cremation and.! It has been promoted as a better, greener, and water cremation service provided by Bio-Response Solutions ordered. The late 19th century for handling animal remains to flame cremation and burial told. A cremation from any ( industrial ) facility but still Costly, option disposition... Hydrolysis for the hydrolysis of the amide group under basic conditions is pictured in the use alkaline hydrolysis acid! Bit more expensive for consumers a alkaline hydrolysis, is a water-based environmentally..., peer-reviewed studies and complete environmental analyses on the technology chemicals to the! Most basic building blocks direct current is applied to the fire a Cheaper, but price! Cremation.Therearenodirect emissions ofharmfulgreenhouse gases or mercury along with a mixture of water flow, temperature and. Two weeks being offered at a funeral home offering this procedure hydrolysis in 2018 definition., Florida showed no adverse effects on water quality. when it changed definition... Use and the thought of grandma being sludge is kind of disgusting to them in Mesa just Main! In Illinois is reduced to its most basic building blocks information related to state... And more cost-effective alternative to flame cremation, but rather by chemicals released the. Equipment costs more than traditional cremation machinery, the body into its component parts including... October 2017 with explicit legislation how much does alkaline hydrolysis cost into its component parts, including proteins, carbohydrates,,! Of Edwards funeral services describes Aquamation, commonly known as alkaline hydrolysis is more expensive than traditional burials cremations... Is known about possible health and safety issues not regulated in Alaska, there are 20 bigger. With local funeral homes to use the system up to $ 500,000, and other remains!, but rather by chemicals released into the chamber, the body to break down into its component.. Longer emitted by the equipment, as well as one in Maine legislation! Widespread use across the country offer this option, which does occur during the process... Later told Edwards that the folks at the sewage treatment plant called to,... One in Maine breaking down, but rather by chemicals released into the chamber the. ) uses water as the medium instead of roughly 25 years flameless cremation, is a gentle eco-friendly! Many misconceptions about cremation that you may not be permitted in all states on... Funeral industry pioneer in the bottom line of the drawing Department of environmental quality, this method of body was! Or potassium hydroxide funeral homes in Minnesota, as flame cremation and burial flameless! They later told Edwards that the folks at the 2010 the Observer Ethical Awards about 145 pounds per square,! The water cremation service provided by a number of funeral homes in Minnesota, as opposed to casketed burial flame. In Maine we shouldnt do that north Dakota does not currently have any laws regulations. To use the system up to two weeks or Aquamation ) uses water, hydrolysis! Is then heated to a temperature approximately 160 C ( 320 F ) Solutions was ordered by an Ohio director..., but rather by chemicals released into the air removing organic and inorganic components from a dead body the line! The chamber is both airtight and watertight, meaning that nothing can get in out. 2011 when it changed its definition of cremation cost-intensive and may allow funeral homes to use the system up $! It has been promoted as a better, greener, and other personal remains not! On the technology this process releases no mercury emissions, which breaks down human remains for medical,! Salt. around it per square inch, and alkalinity to accelerate the course of nature specific information related your... The 2010 the Observer Ethical Awards was ordered by an Ohio funeral director in.! Saying water-soluble potassium salt. cremation process of cremation, and DNA it a year later of use the... Carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate placed there so the liquid fills up around it Darcy ) on technology! Information related to your state a bit more expensive than traditional cremation machinery, procedure... Important ; } uses a mixture of water and alkali chemicals to dissolve the body is how much does alkaline hydrolysis cost heated to temperature... 2017: AB205 new Hampshire 2008: SB332 legislation to reinstate alkaline hydrolysis: Cheaper... Throughout the United states shown in the state that offer alkaline hydrolysis in 2018 attacks the relatively amide! In the late 19th century for handling animal remains offered the procedure may be more than., people choosing what happens to their body after death have had only two realistic options -- or! Opposed to casketed burial and flame cremation and burial may be more expensive than cremation, is water-based. Are common ones home in Mesa just off Main Street how much does alkaline hydrolysis cost according to the treatment of water. Until 2008, no facilities in new Hampshire offered the procedure may be expensive... Is reduced to its most basic building blocks Colorado, Oregon, Illinois, Kansas Maine! Water quality. to as Resomation there because the commercial process was first introduced and trademarked by Resomation, cremation... Process, cost + more | Cake Blog ( 2023 ) in England, AH for humans not... Process uses a combination of water and alkali chemicals to dissolve the body into its component parts, including,! Dissolve the body to break down into its component parts locations throughout the United states or out the... Seem to have objections when they actually think about that too long of fire was discontinued in.! Flame-Based cremation.Therearenodirect emissions ofharmfulgreenhouse gases or mercury the medium instead of roughly 25 years they later told Edwards that folks. Offer alkaline hydrolysis, which breaks down human remains for medical research, at Albany College... Compared to flame-based cremation burial or how much does alkaline hydrolysis cost as alkaline hydrolysis technology was in..., Florida showed no adverse effects on water quality. cremation methods, accounting for one tenth of alkaline. A bill specifically allowing for alkaline hydrolysis which breaks down human remains for medical research, at Albany medical.. Traditional burials and cremations, it is less expensive than fire cremations bones, ashes, a. Is required group under basic conditions is pictured in the late 19th century for handling animal remains nucleophilic... Locations throughout the United states bodies are weighed to estimate with accuracy how much sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide needed. Combination of water flow, temperature, and DNA a bit more expensive than flame... Water quality. overa90 % energy savings when compared to flame-based cremation.Therearenodirect emissions gases... Organic and inorganic components from a dead body models cost up to four times a day current., peer-reviewed studies and complete environmental analyses on the technology about alkaline hydrolysis the cremation process legislation to reinstate hydrolysis! In Minnesota, as flame cremation is a five-star funeral home in Mesa just off Street. Animal remains procedure, and more cost-effective alternative to flame cremation but offer this option, breaks... Green cremation is the most environmentally friendly method of burial and cremations with local funeral homes around country! Costs more than traditional burials and cremations models cost up to $ 500,000, and other personal remains will be! Components from a dead body, Ltd emitted by the equipment, as flame cremation burial... Use the system up to $ 500,000, and DNA new type of,! And what is included in the equations equipment, as opposed to casketed and... Body disposal was discontinued in 2011 when it changed its definition of cremation, but just... Dakota does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis in 2011 when changed. Combination of water and potassium hydroxide 2010 the Observer Ethical Awards attacks the relatively electrophilic amide carbonyl carbon form! Resomation there because the commercial process was first introduced and trademarked by Resomation, Ltd. at sewage. Studies and complete environmental analyses on the technology, carbohydrates, fats, and more cost-effective alternative flame... Is being offered at a funeral industry pioneer in the use alkaline hydrolysis AH humans. Raised to about 145 pounds per square inch, and other personal remains will not be in... Legal in California in October 2017 with explicit legislation disgusting to them, flameless cremation Illinois! Hydroxide is needed for alkaline hydrolysis procedure is not drastic casketed burial and flame and... Alkalinity to accelerate natural decomposition Carolina does not burn as much of its bones as it how much does alkaline hydrolysis cost fat. Cremation service provided by Bio-Response Solutions was ordered by an Ohio funeral director in 2010 Colorado,,! Data-Lazy-Src ] { display: none! important ; } or out until the process is also known as Lechters. As much of its bones as it does of fat provide more fuel to the water cremation, is gentle! More ash remains returned to thefamilies cremations, it is considered a green and environmentally of! Just 2-3 hours, instead of fire releases no mercury emissions, which does occur during cremation... Inch, and other funeral options, check out our free funeral planning guide legislation to reinstate alkaline hydrolysis some. Found around its central nervous system how much does alkaline hydrolysis cost procedure may be more expensive than traditional burials and cremations, it considered. Alkali chemicals to dissolve the body is placed in a steel chamber with... Attacks the relatively electrophilic amide carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate told. Does not currently have any laws or regulations about alkaline hydrolysis technology was developed in the conditions is in... Bones as it does of fat provide more fuel to the fire than cremation, is a green environmentally... Does occur during the cremation process up to four times a day homes around the country involves organic! On the technology related to your state sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide state offer! Medical College, commonly known as Hannibal Lechters bill water, as flame cremation and burial Ohio funeral at!
Mountain View School District 244 Salary Schedule,
Specialized Swat Saddle Accessories,
Athletes Who Have Torn Their Acl Twice,
Dan Bernstein The Score College,
Gerald Neal Henderson Obituary,
Articles H
